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中国幻方世界
平方幻方专题

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平方幻方历史
 
平方数幻方
 
4、5阶平方幻方
 
6阶平方幻方
 
7阶平方幻方
 
8阶平方幻方
 
9阶平方幻方
 
10阶平方幻方
 
11阶平方幻方
 
12阶平方幻方
 
13阶平方幻方
 
14阶平方幻方
 
15阶平方幻方
 
16阶平方幻方
 
18阶平方幻方
 
20阶平方幻方
 
 

 

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“平方数”幻方  

这以后,人们开始探讨最小的平方幻方问题了。已知的最小的平方幻方是8阶平方幻方(二次幻方). 它是平方幻方中最小的吗?,Pfeffermann在1890年发现第一个8阶平方幻方后,他就想探讨神秘的7阶或更小的平方幻方。我们前面提到的法国数学作家Edouard 卢卡斯,他在这本半月刊里,发表了两篇证明文章,他的结论是三阶、四阶平方幻方不存在,即使用非连续的数字三阶平方幻方也不会存在。                                            

127²

46²

58²

113²

94²

74²

82²

97²

4

68²

29²

41²

37²

17²

31²

79²

32²

59²

28²

23²

61²

11²

77²

49²

5 

 

 

 

11²

23²

53²

139²

107²

13²

103²

149²

31²

17²

71²

137²

47²

67²

61²

113²

59²

41²

97²

83²

127²

29²

73²

109²

   6

可是,人们仍旧不肯罢休,后来,有人竟然得到图4中的“平方数”幻方,它本身并非幻方,只是 各数平方后,其3行3列一条对角线的3数和相等S2=38307,6是5阶“平方数”幻方。大数学家欧拉在1770年就曾得到第一个四阶“平方数”幻方(图5)。

(2k + 42)²

(4k + 11)²

(8k - 18)²

(k + 16)²

(k - 24)²

(8k + 2)²

(4k + 21)²

(2k - 38)²

(4k - 11)²

(2k - 42)²

(k - 16)²

(8k + 18)²

(8k - 2)²

(k + 24)²

(2k + 38)²

(4k - 21)²

 

6阶“平方数”幻方

Unfortunately to late to be published in the M.I. article, I constructed, in June 2005, the first 6x6 magic squares of squares.

If I am right, 6x6 magic squares of squares using squared consecutive integers (0² to 35², or 1² to 36²) are impossible. My 6x6 magic square of squares does NOT use squared consecutive integers... but it is interesting to see the used numbers:

  • from 0² to 36² only excluding 30².

It is impossible to construct a 6x6 magic square of squares with a smaller magic sum. But it is possible to construct other samples with the same magic sum S2 = 2551, or with other bigger sums.

      2005: 6x6 magic square of squares. S2 = 2551.

      36²

      35²

      33²

      20²

      29²

      13²

      25²

      14²

      24²

      31²

      12²

      21²

      32²

      11²

      15²

      22²

      16²

      34²

      18²

      23²

      10²

      19²

      17²

      28²

      27²

      26²

An interesting supplemental characteristics of this sample: the 3 smallest integers (0², 1², 2²) and the 2 biggest (35², 36²) are used together in the first row.


7阶“平方数”幻方

Unfortunately to late to be published in the M.I. article, I constructed, in June 2005, the first 7x7 magic squares of squares.

The smallest order allowing magic squares of squares using squared consecutive integers is the order 7. An indirect consequence: the impossibility of 7x7 bimagic squares is not coming from a problem with its squared numbers!

Here is my sample using the squared integers from 0² to 48²:

      2005: 7x7 magic square of squares. S2 = 5432

      25²

      45²

      15²

      14²

      44²

      20²

      16²

      10²

      22²

      46²

      26²

      42²

      48²

      18²

      41²

      27²

      13²

      12²

      34²

      37²

      31²

      33²

      29²

      19²

      35²

      30²

      36²

      40²

      21²

      32²

      39²

      23²

      43²

      17²

      28²

      47²

      11²

      24²

      38²

An interesting supplemental characteristics added in this sample: the 7 rows are magic (S1=168) when the integers are not squared, meaning that the 7 rows are bimagic!